6.不定代词

不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数与不可数、单数与复数的区别。不定代词的种类较多,用法各异,下面分别进行介绍。

1)one,some与any的用法:

one可以泛指任何人,还可以在形容词和that,this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词,其复数形式为ones,可用作主语和宾语;

one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作定语;

oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作宾语。

some和any通常用作定语,都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。

some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”。some用于数词前,表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定句中。例如:One should wash oneself regularly. This film is not as good as the one I saw yesterday. He thought it over carefully and concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones. We have some food left. Have you any books. I don’t have any books.

注意:①some可用于表示邀请或请求、预期的答案是肯定的或鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复的问句。例如:Could you let me have some coffee.(请求) Would you like some bananas.(邀请)

②some和any可用作主语和宾语。例如:Some are singing,others are dancing.(主语) Does any of you know Mr Wang.(主语) I don’t like any of the books.(宾语)

③some,any,every,no与one,body,thing构成的合成代词都作单数看待。另外,some的合成代词一般用于肯定句,any的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如:Did anybody ask for you outside. There is somebody waiting for you.

2)each,every的用法:

①each强调个体,可以充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语。every强调整体,相当于汉语的“每个都”,在句中只作定语。例如:The teacher had a talk with each of them.(宾语) Each of us has two boxes.(主语) We have two boxes each.(同位语) Each boy has a bike.(定语) Every one has strong and weak points.(定语)

②each所代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。例如:Each of the two has won a prize. Every student in the class likes English. There is a line of trees on each side of the river.

3)none和no的用法:

①no=not any,在句子中作定语,修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。none不能用来说明两个人或物。例如:There is no water in the well(井).(定语) None of them know the story.(主语) I know none of them.(宾语)

②none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。例如:None of the students are(is)afraid of dif-ficulties.

③none不能回答who的问题,可回答how many或how much的问题。例如:(误)—Who is in the classroom.—None.(改None为No one或No-body。)(正)—How many students are there in the classroom.—None.

4)many和much的用法:

many和much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。都可用作主语、宾语和定语。例如:Many of the students often go shopping.(主语) I have much to do.(宾语) There is not much water in the cup.(定语)

much有时用作状语。例如:He likes playing football very much.(状语)